SECTION 1-201. GENERAL DEFINITIONS. Uniform Probate Code
Subject to additional definitions
contained in the subsequent [articles] that are applicable to specific [articles,] [parts,] or sections and unless the context otherwise requires, in this [code]:
(1) “Agent” includes an attorney-in-fact under a durable or nondurable power of attorney, an individual authorized to make decisions concerning another’s health care, and an individual authorized to make decisions for another under a natural death act.
(2) “Application” means a written request to the Registrar for an order of informal probate or appointment under [Part] 3 of [Article] III.
(3) “Beneficiary,” as it relates to a trust beneficiary, includes a person who has any present or future interest, vested or contingent, and also includes the owner of an interest by assignment or other transfer; as it relates to a charitable trust, includes any person entitled to enforce the trust; as it relates to a “beneficiary of a beneficiary designation,” refers to a beneficiary of an insurance or annuity policy, of an account with POD designation, of a security registered in beneficiary form (TOD), or of a pension, profit-sharing, retirement, or similar
Subject to additional definitions
contained in the subsequent [articles] that are applicable to specific [articles,] [parts,] or sections and unless the context otherwise requires, in this [code]:
(1) “Agent” includes an attorney-in-fact under a durable or nondurable power of attorney, an individual authorized to make decisions concerning another’s health care, and an individual authorized to make decisions for another under a natural death act.
(2) “Application” means a written request to the Registrar for an order of informal probate or appointment under [Part] 3 of [Article] III.
(3) “Beneficiary,” as it relates to a trust beneficiary, includes a person who has any present or future interest, vested or contingent, and also includes the owner of an interest by assignment or other transfer; as it relates to a charitable trust, includes any person entitled to enforce the trust; as it relates to a “beneficiary of a beneficiary designation,” refers to a beneficiary of an insurance or annuity policy, of an account with POD designation, of a security registered in beneficiary form (TOD), or of a pension, profit-sharing, retirement, or similar
benefit plan, or other nonprobate transfer at death; and, as it relates to a “beneficiary designated
in a governing instrument,” includes a grantee of a deed, a devisee, a trust beneficiary, a
beneficiary of a beneficiary designation, a donee, appointee, or taker in default of a power of
appointment, and a person in whose favor a power of attorney or a power held in any individual,
fiduciary, or representative capacity is exercised.
(4) “Beneficiary designation” refers to a governing instrument naming a beneficiary of an insurance or annuity policy, of an account with POD designation, of a security registered in beneficiary form (TOD), or of a pension, profit-sharing, retirement, or similar benefit plan, or other nonprobate transfer at death.
(5) “Child” includes an individual entitled to take as a child under this [code] by intestate succession from the parent whose relationship is involved and excludes a person who is only a stepchild, a foster child, a grandchild, or any more remote descendant.
(6) “Claims,” in respect to estates of decedents and protected persons, includes liabilities of the decedent or protected person, whether arising in contract, in tort, or otherwise, and liabilities of the estate which arise at or after the death of the decedent or after the appointment of a conservator, including funeral expenses and expenses of administration. The term does not include estate or inheritance taxes, or demands or disputes regarding title of a decedent or protected person to specific assets alleged to be included in the estate.
(7) “Conservator” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(8) “Court” means the [.......... Court] or branch in this state having jurisdiction in matters relating to the affairs of decedents.
(9) “Descendant” of an individual means all of his [or her] descendants of all generations, with the relationship of parent and child at each generation being determined by the definition of
(4) “Beneficiary designation” refers to a governing instrument naming a beneficiary of an insurance or annuity policy, of an account with POD designation, of a security registered in beneficiary form (TOD), or of a pension, profit-sharing, retirement, or similar benefit plan, or other nonprobate transfer at death.
(5) “Child” includes an individual entitled to take as a child under this [code] by intestate succession from the parent whose relationship is involved and excludes a person who is only a stepchild, a foster child, a grandchild, or any more remote descendant.
(6) “Claims,” in respect to estates of decedents and protected persons, includes liabilities of the decedent or protected person, whether arising in contract, in tort, or otherwise, and liabilities of the estate which arise at or after the death of the decedent or after the appointment of a conservator, including funeral expenses and expenses of administration. The term does not include estate or inheritance taxes, or demands or disputes regarding title of a decedent or protected person to specific assets alleged to be included in the estate.
(7) “Conservator” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(8) “Court” means the [.......... Court] or branch in this state having jurisdiction in matters relating to the affairs of decedents.
(9) “Descendant” of an individual means all of his [or her] descendants of all generations, with the relationship of parent and child at each generation being determined by the definition of
child and parent contained in this [code].
(10) “Devise,” when used as a noun means a testamentary disposition of real or personal
property and, when used as a verb, means to dispose of real or personal property by will.
(11) “Devisee” means a person designated in a will to receive a devise. For the purposes
of [Article] III, in the case of a devise to an existing trust or trustee, or to a trustee or trust described by will, the trust or trustee is the devisee and the beneficiaries are not devisees.
(12) “Distributee” means any person who has received property of a decedent from his [or her] personal representative other than as creditor or purchaser. A testamentary trustee is a distributee only to the extent of distributed assets or increment thereto remaining in his [or her] hands. A beneficiary of a testamentary trust to whom the trustee has distributed property received from a personal representative is a distributee of the personal representative. For the purposes of this provision, “testamentary trustee” includes a trustee to whom assets are transferred by will, to the extent of the devised assets.
(13) “Estate” includes the property of the decedent, trust, or other person whose affairs are subject to this [code] as originally constituted and as it exists from time to time during administration.
(14) “Exempt property” means that property of a decedent’s estate which is described in Section 2-403.
(15) “Fiduciary” includes a personal representative, guardian, conservator, and trustee.
(16) “Foreign personal representative” means a personal representative appointed by another jurisdiction.
(17) “Formal proceedings” means proceedings conducted before a judge with notice to interested persons.
(10) “Devise,” when used as a noun means a testamentary disposition of real or personal
property and, when used as a verb, means to dispose of real or personal property by will.
(11) “Devisee” means a person designated in a will to receive a devise. For the purposes
of [Article] III, in the case of a devise to an existing trust or trustee, or to a trustee or trust described by will, the trust or trustee is the devisee and the beneficiaries are not devisees.
(12) “Distributee” means any person who has received property of a decedent from his [or her] personal representative other than as creditor or purchaser. A testamentary trustee is a distributee only to the extent of distributed assets or increment thereto remaining in his [or her] hands. A beneficiary of a testamentary trust to whom the trustee has distributed property received from a personal representative is a distributee of the personal representative. For the purposes of this provision, “testamentary trustee” includes a trustee to whom assets are transferred by will, to the extent of the devised assets.
(13) “Estate” includes the property of the decedent, trust, or other person whose affairs are subject to this [code] as originally constituted and as it exists from time to time during administration.
(14) “Exempt property” means that property of a decedent’s estate which is described in Section 2-403.
(15) “Fiduciary” includes a personal representative, guardian, conservator, and trustee.
(16) “Foreign personal representative” means a personal representative appointed by another jurisdiction.
(17) “Formal proceedings” means proceedings conducted before a judge with notice to interested persons.
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(18) “Governing instrument” means a deed, will, trust, insurance or annuity policy,
account with POD designation, security registered in beneficiary form (TOD), transfer on death
(TOD) deed, pension, profit-sharing, retirement, or similar benefit plan, instrument creating or
exercising a power of appointment or a power of attorney, or a dispositive, appointive, or
nominative instrument of any similar type.
(19) “Guardian” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(20) “Heirs,” except as controlled by Section 2-711 means persons, including the surviving spouse and the state, who are entitled under the statutes of intestate succession to the property of a decedent.
(21) “Incapacitated person” means an individual described in Section 5-102.
(22) “Informal proceedings” means those conducted without notice to interested persons by an officer of the court acting as a registrar for probate of a will or appointment of a personal representative.
(23) “Interested person” includes heirs, devisees, children, spouses, creditors, beneficiaries, and any others having a property right in or claim against a trust estate or the estate of a decedent, ward, or protected person. It also includes persons having priority for appointment as personal representative, and other fiduciaries representing interested persons. The meaning as it relates to particular persons may vary from time to time and must be determined according to the particular purposes of, and matter involved in, any proceeding.
(24) “Issue” of an individual means descendant.
(25) “Joint tenants with the right of survivorship” and “community property with the right of survivorship” includes co-owners of property held under circumstances that entitle one or more to the whole of the property on the death of the other or others, but excludes forms of
(19) “Guardian” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(20) “Heirs,” except as controlled by Section 2-711 means persons, including the surviving spouse and the state, who are entitled under the statutes of intestate succession to the property of a decedent.
(21) “Incapacitated person” means an individual described in Section 5-102.
(22) “Informal proceedings” means those conducted without notice to interested persons by an officer of the court acting as a registrar for probate of a will or appointment of a personal representative.
(23) “Interested person” includes heirs, devisees, children, spouses, creditors, beneficiaries, and any others having a property right in or claim against a trust estate or the estate of a decedent, ward, or protected person. It also includes persons having priority for appointment as personal representative, and other fiduciaries representing interested persons. The meaning as it relates to particular persons may vary from time to time and must be determined according to the particular purposes of, and matter involved in, any proceeding.
(24) “Issue” of an individual means descendant.
(25) “Joint tenants with the right of survivorship” and “community property with the right of survivorship” includes co-owners of property held under circumstances that entitle one or more to the whole of the property on the death of the other or others, but excludes forms of
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co-ownership registration in which the underlying ownership of each party is in proportion to
that party’s contribution.
(26) “Lease” includes an oil, gas, or other mineral lease.
(27) “Letters” includes letters testamentary, letters of guardianship, letters of administration, and letters of conservatorship.
(28) “Minor” has the meaning described in Section 5-102.
(29) “Mortgage” means any conveyance, agreement, or arrangement in which property is encumbered or used as security.
(30) “Nonresident decedent” means a decedent who was domiciled in another jurisdiction at the time of his [or her] death.
(31) “Organization” means a corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, joint venture, association, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(32) “Parent” includes any person entitled to take, or who would be entitled to take if the child died without a will, as a parent under this [code] by intestate succession from the child whose relationship is in question and excludes any person who is only a stepparent, foster parent, or grandparent.
(33) “Payor” means a trustee, insurer, business entity, employer, government, governmental agency or subdivision, or any other person authorized or obligated by law or a governing instrument to make payments.
(34) “Person” means an individual or an organization.
(35) “Personal representative” includes executor, administrator, successor personal representative, special administrator, and persons who perform substantially the same function
(26) “Lease” includes an oil, gas, or other mineral lease.
(27) “Letters” includes letters testamentary, letters of guardianship, letters of administration, and letters of conservatorship.
(28) “Minor” has the meaning described in Section 5-102.
(29) “Mortgage” means any conveyance, agreement, or arrangement in which property is encumbered or used as security.
(30) “Nonresident decedent” means a decedent who was domiciled in another jurisdiction at the time of his [or her] death.
(31) “Organization” means a corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, joint venture, association, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(32) “Parent” includes any person entitled to take, or who would be entitled to take if the child died without a will, as a parent under this [code] by intestate succession from the child whose relationship is in question and excludes any person who is only a stepparent, foster parent, or grandparent.
(33) “Payor” means a trustee, insurer, business entity, employer, government, governmental agency or subdivision, or any other person authorized or obligated by law or a governing instrument to make payments.
(34) “Person” means an individual or an organization.
(35) “Personal representative” includes executor, administrator, successor personal representative, special administrator, and persons who perform substantially the same function
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under the law governing their status. “General personal representative” excludes special
administrator.
(36) “Petition” means a written request to the court for an order after notice.
(37) “Proceeding” includes action at law and suit in equity.
(38) “Property” includes both real and personal property or any interest therein and
means anything that may be the subject of ownership.
(39) “Protected person” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(40) “Protective proceeding” means a proceeding under [Part] 4 of [Article] V.
(41) “Record” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored
in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(42) “Registrar” refers to the official of the court designated to perform the functions of
Registrar as provided in Section 1-307.
(43) “Security” includes any note, stock, treasury stock, bond, debenture, evidence of
indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in an oil, gas, or mining title or lease or in payments out of production under such a title or lease, collateral trust certificate, transferable share, voting trust certificate or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a security, or any certificate of interest or participation, any temporary or interim certificate, receipt, or certificate of deposit for, or any warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing.
(44) “Settlement,” in reference to a decedent’s estate, includes the full process of administration, distribution and closing.
(45) “Sign” means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record other than a will: (A) to execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
(36) “Petition” means a written request to the court for an order after notice.
(37) “Proceeding” includes action at law and suit in equity.
(38) “Property” includes both real and personal property or any interest therein and
means anything that may be the subject of ownership.
(39) “Protected person” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(40) “Protective proceeding” means a proceeding under [Part] 4 of [Article] V.
(41) “Record” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored
in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(42) “Registrar” refers to the official of the court designated to perform the functions of
Registrar as provided in Section 1-307.
(43) “Security” includes any note, stock, treasury stock, bond, debenture, evidence of
indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in an oil, gas, or mining title or lease or in payments out of production under such a title or lease, collateral trust certificate, transferable share, voting trust certificate or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a security, or any certificate of interest or participation, any temporary or interim certificate, receipt, or certificate of deposit for, or any warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing.
(44) “Settlement,” in reference to a decedent’s estate, includes the full process of administration, distribution and closing.
(45) “Sign” means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record other than a will: (A) to execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
(B) to attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic symbol, sound,
or process.
(46) “Special administrator” means a personal representative as described by Sections 3-
614 through 3-618.
(47) “State” means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(48) “Successor personal representative” means a personal representative, other than a special administrator, who is appointed to succeed a previously appointed personal representative.
(49) “Successors” means persons, other than creditors, who are entitled to property of a decedent under his [or her] will or this [code].
(50) “Supervised administration” refers to the proceedings described in [Article] III, [Part] 5.
(51) “Survive” means that an individual has neither predeceased an event, including the death of another individual, nor is deemed to have predeceased an event under Section 2-104 or 2-702. The term includes its derivatives, such as “survives,” “survived,” “survivor,” and “surviving.”
(52) “Testacy proceeding” means a proceeding to establish a will or determine intestacy. (53) “Testator” includes an individual of either sex.
(54) “Trust” includes an express trust, private or charitable, with additions thereto,
wherever and however created. The term also includes a trust created or determined by judgment or decree under which the trust is to be administered in the manner of an express trust.
(46) “Special administrator” means a personal representative as described by Sections 3-
614 through 3-618.
(47) “State” means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(48) “Successor personal representative” means a personal representative, other than a special administrator, who is appointed to succeed a previously appointed personal representative.
(49) “Successors” means persons, other than creditors, who are entitled to property of a decedent under his [or her] will or this [code].
(50) “Supervised administration” refers to the proceedings described in [Article] III, [Part] 5.
(51) “Survive” means that an individual has neither predeceased an event, including the death of another individual, nor is deemed to have predeceased an event under Section 2-104 or 2-702. The term includes its derivatives, such as “survives,” “survived,” “survivor,” and “surviving.”
(52) “Testacy proceeding” means a proceeding to establish a will or determine intestacy. (53) “Testator” includes an individual of either sex.
(54) “Trust” includes an express trust, private or charitable, with additions thereto,
wherever and however created. The term also includes a trust created or determined by judgment or decree under which the trust is to be administered in the manner of an express trust.
The term excludes other constructive trusts and excludes resulting trusts, conservatorships,
personal representatives, trust accounts as defined in [Article] VI, custodial arrangements
pursuant to [each state should list its legislation, including that relating to [gifts] [transfers] to
minors, dealing with special custodial situations], business trusts providing for certificates to be
issued to beneficiaries, common trust funds, voting trusts, security arrangements, liquidation
trusts, and trusts for the primary purpose of paying debts, dividends, interest, salaries, wages,
profits, pensions, or employee benefits of any kind, and any arrangement under which a person is
nominee or escrowee for another.
(55) “Trustee” includes an original, additional, or successor trustee, whether or not appointed or confirmed by court.
(56) “Ward” means an individual described in Section 5-102.
(57) “Will” includes codicil and any testamentary instrument that merely appoints an executor, revokes or revises another will, nominates a guardian, or expressly excludes or limits the right of an individual or class to succeed to property of the decedent passing by intestate succession.
[FOR ADOPTION IN COMMUNITY PROPERTY STATES]
[(58) “Separate property” (if necessary, to be defined locally in accordance with existing concept in adopting state).
(59) “Community property” (if necessary, to be defined locally in accordance with existing concept in adopting state).]
Comment
Section 1-201 contains general definitions applicable to the entire Uniform Probate Code. Other articles or sections may contain special definitions applicable only to that article or section. In case of a conflict between a general definition and a special definition, the special definition controls.
(55) “Trustee” includes an original, additional, or successor trustee, whether or not appointed or confirmed by court.
(56) “Ward” means an individual described in Section 5-102.
(57) “Will” includes codicil and any testamentary instrument that merely appoints an executor, revokes or revises another will, nominates a guardian, or expressly excludes or limits the right of an individual or class to succeed to property of the decedent passing by intestate succession.
[FOR ADOPTION IN COMMUNITY PROPERTY STATES]
[(58) “Separate property” (if necessary, to be defined locally in accordance with existing concept in adopting state).
(59) “Community property” (if necessary, to be defined locally in accordance with existing concept in adopting state).]
Comment
Section 1-201 contains general definitions applicable to the entire Uniform Probate Code. Other articles or sections may contain special definitions applicable only to that article or section. In case of a conflict between a general definition and a special definition, the special definition controls.
The following is a list of UPC sections containing definitions, with the corresponding
sections to which the definitions apply in parentheses:
1-201 (All of UPC, unless otherwise excepted) 2-106 (Section 2-106)
2-115 (Article II, Part 1, Subpart 2)
2-120 (Section 2-120)
2-121 (Section 2-121)
2-603 (Section 2-603)
2-705 (Section 2-705)
2-706 (Section 2-706)
2-707 (Section 2-707)
2-709 (Section 2-709)
2-803 (Section 2-803)
2-804 (Section 2-804)
2-1001 (Article II, Part 10) 2-1102 (Article II, Part 11) 3-9A-102 (Article III, Part 9A) 3-9A-106 (Section 3-9A-106) 3-9A-107 (Section 3-9A-107) 4-101 (Article IV)
5-102 (Article V)
5A-102 (Article 5A) 5A-201 (Article 5A, Part 2) 5B-102 (Article 5B)
6-102 (Section 6-102) 6-201 (Article VI, Part 2) 6-301 (Article VI, Part 3) 6-402 (Article VI, Part 4)
1-201 (All of UPC, unless otherwise excepted) 2-106 (Section 2-106)
2-115 (Article II, Part 1, Subpart 2)
2-120 (Section 2-120)
2-121 (Section 2-121)
2-603 (Section 2-603)
2-705 (Section 2-705)
2-706 (Section 2-706)
2-707 (Section 2-707)
2-709 (Section 2-709)
2-803 (Section 2-803)
2-804 (Section 2-804)
2-1001 (Article II, Part 10) 2-1102 (Article II, Part 11) 3-9A-102 (Article III, Part 9A) 3-9A-106 (Section 3-9A-106) 3-9A-107 (Section 3-9A-107) 4-101 (Article IV)
5-102 (Article V)
5A-102 (Article 5A) 5A-201 (Article 5A, Part 2) 5B-102 (Article 5B)
6-102 (Section 6-102) 6-201 (Article VI, Part 2) 6-301 (Article VI, Part 3) 6-402 (Article VI, Part 4)
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