New Digital Fiduciary Act recognizing a fiduciary heir's right to obtain control of a decedent's digital assets.
3B :14-61.1 Short title.
1. Short Title. This act shall be known and may be cited as the "Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act."
L.2017, c.237, s.1.
L.2017, c.237, s.1.
3B :14-61.2 Definitions.
2. Definitions. As used in this act:
"Account" means an arrangement under a terms-of-service in which a custodian carries, maintains, processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of the user or provides goods or services to the user.
"Agent" means an attorney-in-fact granted authority under a durable or nondurable power of attorney.
"Carries" means engages in the transmission of an electronic communication.
"Catalogue of electronic communications" means information that identifies each person with which a user has had an electronic communication, the time and date of the communication, and the electronic address of the person.
"Content of an electronic communication" means information concerning the substance or meaning of the communication which:
(a) has been sent or received by a user;
(b) is in electronic storage by a custodian providing an electronic communication service to the public or is carried or maintained by a custodian providing a remote computing service to the public; and
(c) is not readily accessible to the public.
"Court" means the Probate Part of the Chancery Division of the Superior Court. For the purposes of this act, "court" includes the Surrogate's Court acting within the scope of its authority pursuant to statute or the Rules of Court.
"Custodian" means a person that carries, maintains, processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of a user.
"Designated recipient" means a person chosen by a user using an online tool to administer digital assets of the user.
"Digital asset" means an electronic record in which an individual has a right or interest. The term does not include an underlying asset or liability unless the asset or liability is itself an electronic record.
"Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
"Electronic communication" has the meaning set forth in 18 U.S.C. s.2510(12).
"Electronic-communication service" means a custodian that provides to a user the ability to send or receive an electronic communication.
"Fiduciary" means an original, additional, or successor personal
representative, guardian, agent, or trustee.
"Guardian" means a person appointed by the court to make decisions regarding the property of an incapacitated adult, including a person appointed in accordance with N.J.S.3B:12-1 et seq. or its equivalent in a state other than New Jersey.
"Incapacitated person" means an incapacitated individual, as defined in N.J.S.3B:1-2, for whom a guardian has been appointed.
"Information" means data, text, images, videos, sounds, codes, computer programs, software, databases, or the like.
"Online tool" means an electronic service provided by a custodian that allows the user, in an agreement distinct from the terms-of-service agreement between the custodian and user, to provide directions for disclosure or nondisclosure of digital assets to a third person.
"Person" means an individual, estate, business or nonprofit entity, public corporation, government or governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, or other legal entity.
"Personal representative" means an executor, administrator, special administrator, or person that performs substantially the same function under the law of this State other than this act.
"Power of attorney" means a written instrument by which an individual known as the principal authorizes another individual or individuals or a qualified bank within the meaning of section 28 of P.L.1948, c.67 (C.17:9A-28) known as the attorney-in-fact to perform specified acts on behalf of the principal as the principal's agent.
"Principal" means an individual, at least 18 years of age, who, in a power of attorney, authorizes an agent to act.
"Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
"Remote-computing service" means a custodian that provides to a user computer processing services or the storage of digital assets by means of an electronic communications system, as defined in 18 U.S.C. s.2510(14).
"Terms-of-service agreement" means an agreement that controls the relationship between an account holder and a custodian.
"Trustee" means a fiduciary with legal title to property pursuant to an agreement or declaration that creates a beneficial interest in another. "Trustee" includes an original, additional, or successor trustee, whether or not appointed or confirmed by court.
"User" means a person that has an account with a custodian.
"Will" means the last will and testament of a testator or testatrix and includes any codicil and any testamentary instrument that merely appoints an executor, revokes or revises another will, nominates a guardian, or expressly excludes or limits the right of a person or class to succeed to property of the decedent passing by intestate succession.
L.2017, c.237, s.2.
"Account" means an arrangement under a terms-of-service in which a custodian carries, maintains, processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of the user or provides goods or services to the user.
"Agent" means an attorney-in-fact granted authority under a durable or nondurable power of attorney.
"Carries" means engages in the transmission of an electronic communication.
"Catalogue of electronic communications" means information that identifies each person with which a user has had an electronic communication, the time and date of the communication, and the electronic address of the person.
"Content of an electronic communication" means information concerning the substance or meaning of the communication which:
(a) has been sent or received by a user;
(b) is in electronic storage by a custodian providing an electronic communication service to the public or is carried or maintained by a custodian providing a remote computing service to the public; and
(c) is not readily accessible to the public.
"Court" means the Probate Part of the Chancery Division of the Superior Court. For the purposes of this act, "court" includes the Surrogate's Court acting within the scope of its authority pursuant to statute or the Rules of Court.
"Custodian" means a person that carries, maintains, processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of a user.
"Designated recipient" means a person chosen by a user using an online tool to administer digital assets of the user.
"Digital asset" means an electronic record in which an individual has a right or interest. The term does not include an underlying asset or liability unless the asset or liability is itself an electronic record.
"Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
"Electronic communication" has the meaning set forth in 18 U.S.C. s.2510(12).
"Electronic-communication service" means a custodian that provides to a user the ability to send or receive an electronic communication.
"Fiduciary" means an original, additional, or successor personal
representative, guardian, agent, or trustee.
"Guardian" means a person appointed by the court to make decisions regarding the property of an incapacitated adult, including a person appointed in accordance with N.J.S.3B:12-1 et seq. or its equivalent in a state other than New Jersey.
"Incapacitated person" means an incapacitated individual, as defined in N.J.S.3B:1-2, for whom a guardian has been appointed.
"Information" means data, text, images, videos, sounds, codes, computer programs, software, databases, or the like.
"Online tool" means an electronic service provided by a custodian that allows the user, in an agreement distinct from the terms-of-service agreement between the custodian and user, to provide directions for disclosure or nondisclosure of digital assets to a third person.
"Person" means an individual, estate, business or nonprofit entity, public corporation, government or governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, or other legal entity.
"Personal representative" means an executor, administrator, special administrator, or person that performs substantially the same function under the law of this State other than this act.
"Power of attorney" means a written instrument by which an individual known as the principal authorizes another individual or individuals or a qualified bank within the meaning of section 28 of P.L.1948, c.67 (C.17:9A-28) known as the attorney-in-fact to perform specified acts on behalf of the principal as the principal's agent.
"Principal" means an individual, at least 18 years of age, who, in a power of attorney, authorizes an agent to act.
"Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
"Remote-computing service" means a custodian that provides to a user computer processing services or the storage of digital assets by means of an electronic communications system, as defined in 18 U.S.C. s.2510(14).
"Terms-of-service agreement" means an agreement that controls the relationship between an account holder and a custodian.
"Trustee" means a fiduciary with legal title to property pursuant to an agreement or declaration that creates a beneficial interest in another. "Trustee" includes an original, additional, or successor trustee, whether or not appointed or confirmed by court.
"User" means a person that has an account with a custodian.
"Will" means the last will and testament of a testator or testatrix and includes any codicil and any testamentary instrument that merely appoints an executor, revokes or revises another will, nominates a guardian, or expressly excludes or limits the right of a person or class to succeed to property of the decedent passing by intestate succession.
L.2017, c.237, s.2.
3B :14-61.3 User's residence in State, inapplicability of act to employers' digital assets.
3. User's Residence in State; Inapplicability of Act to Employers' Digital Assets.
a. This act applies to a custodian if the user resides in this State or resided in this State at the time of the user's death.
b. This act does not apply to a digital asset of an employer used by an employee in the ordinary course of the employer's business.
L.2017, c.237, s.3.
a. This act applies to a custodian if the user resides in this State or resided in this State at the time of the user's death.
b. This act does not apply to a digital asset of an employer used by an employee in the ordinary course of the employer's business.
L.2017, c.237, s.3.
3B :14-61.4 User direction for disclosure of digital assets.
4. User Direction for Disclosure of Digital Assets.
a. A user may use an online tool to direct the custodian to disclose or not to disclose to a designated recipient some or all of the user's digital assets, including the content of electronic communications. If the online tool allows the user to modify or delete a direction at all times, a direction regarding disclosure using an online tool overrides a contrary direction by the user in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record.
b. If a user has not used an online tool to give direction under subsection a. of this section or if the custodian has not provided an online tool, the user may allow or prohibit in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record, disclosure to a fiduciary of some or all of the user's digital assets, including the content of electronic communications sent or received by the user.
c. A user's direction under subsection a. or b. of this section overrides a contrary provision in a terms-of-service agreement that does not require the user to act affirmatively and distinctly from the user's assent to the terms of service.
L.2017, c.237, s.4.
a. A user may use an online tool to direct the custodian to disclose or not to disclose to a designated recipient some or all of the user's digital assets, including the content of electronic communications. If the online tool allows the user to modify or delete a direction at all times, a direction regarding disclosure using an online tool overrides a contrary direction by the user in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record.
b. If a user has not used an online tool to give direction under subsection a. of this section or if the custodian has not provided an online tool, the user may allow or prohibit in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record, disclosure to a fiduciary of some or all of the user's digital assets, including the content of electronic communications sent or received by the user.
c. A user's direction under subsection a. or b. of this section overrides a contrary provision in a terms-of-service agreement that does not require the user to act affirmatively and distinctly from the user's assent to the terms of service.
L.2017, c.237, s.4.
3B :14-61.5 Terms-of-service agreement.
5. Terms-of-Service Agreement.
a. This act does not change or impair a right of a custodian or a user under a terms-of-service agreement to access and use digital assets of the user.
b. This act does not give a fiduciary or designated recipient any new or expanded rights other than those held by the user for whom, or for whose estate, the fiduciary or designated recipient acts or represents.
c. A fiduciary's or designated recipient's access to digital assets may be modified or eliminated by a user, by federal law, or by a terms-of-service agreement if the user has not provided direction under section 4 of this act.
L.2017, c.237, s.5.
a. This act does not change or impair a right of a custodian or a user under a terms-of-service agreement to access and use digital assets of the user.
b. This act does not give a fiduciary or designated recipient any new or expanded rights other than those held by the user for whom, or for whose estate, the fiduciary or designated recipient acts or represents.
c. A fiduciary's or designated recipient's access to digital assets may be modified or eliminated by a user, by federal law, or by a terms-of-service agreement if the user has not provided direction under section 4 of this act.
L.2017, c.237, s.5.
NJ passed legislation recognizing a fiduciary heir's right to obtain control of a decedent's digital assets.
The legislation was proposed in 2014 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. The commission said 23 states already have enacted a version of the legislation, while 18 others are in the process of doing so.
The state Assembly gave final legislative passage to A-3433, known as the Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act, in July. The bill passed both houses of the Legislature without opposition.
"If a custodial party wants to guard their digital assets, they should be able to without regulatory barriers. Digital property such as email accounts, social media accounts and Internet-based currency is just as important as any other asset a person may have," said the lead sponsor, Assembly Majority Leader Louis Greenwald, D-Camden. "This will help individuals protect digital properties as they would their physical assets."
Under the UFADAA, the traditional power of a fiduciary to manage a person's tangible property when that person dies or loses the ability to manage his own property would be extended to include digital assets.
The act defines the term "digital assets" as a person's digital property and electronic communications. Some examples of digital assets are financial accounts, such as online bank accounts; email accounts and social media accounts; computer files; web domains; and virtual currency.
The UFADAA allows fiduciaries to manage digital property but restricts a fiduciary's access to electronic communications such as email, text messages and social media accounts unless the original user consented to such access in a will, trust, power of attorney or other record, the sponsors said.
The act covers four types of fiduciaries: Executors or administrators of deceased persons' estates, court-appointed guardians of incapacitated persons, agents appointed under powers of attorney, and trustees.
The bill does not apply to digital assets of an employer used by an employee.
Also under the UFADAA, fiduciaries for digital assets are subject to the same fiduciary duties that normally apply to tangible assets. For example, an executor would not be authorized to publish the decedent's confidential communications or impersonate the decedent by sending email from the decedent's account.
The sponsors noted that a fiduciary's management of digital assets may also be governed by other law. For example, a fiduciary may not copy or distribute digital files in violation of copyright law, and may not exceed the user's authority under the account's terms of service.
To gain access to digital assets, a fiduciary will be required to send a request to the custodian, with a copy of the document granting fiduciary authority, such as a letter of appointment, court order or certification of trust.
The Senate Judiciary Committee reports favorably and with committee amendments Assembly Bill No. 3433 (2R).
This law, as amended, would enact the “Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act” (UFADAA). The model act was promulgated by the Uniform Law Commission in 2014 and revised by the commission in 2015.
Under the law, the traditional power of a fiduciary to manage a person’s tangible property when that person dies or loses the ability to manage his own property would be extended to allow the fiduciary to manage digital assets. The law defines the term “digital assets” to mean a person’s digital property and electronic communications. The term does not include an underlying asset or liability unless the asset or liability is itself an electronic record.
The law allows fiduciaries to manage digital property, such as computer files, web domains, and virtual currency, but restricts a fiduciary’s access to electronic communications such as email, text messages, and social media accounts unless the original user (i.e., accountholder) consented in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record.
The law encompasses four types of fiduciaries: (1) executors or administrators of deceased persons’ estates; (2) court-appointed guardians of incapacitated persons; (3) agents appointed under powers of attorney; and (4) trustees.
The law would not apply to digital assets of an employer used by an employee during the ordinary course of business.
The law distinguishes between a “catalogue of electronic communications” (information that identifies each person with which a user has had an electronic communication, and the time and date of that communication) and the “content of an electronic communication” (information concerning the substance or meaning of the communication). The law provides that generally a fiduciary would have access to a catalogue of the user’s communications, but not the content, unless the user consented to the disclosure of the content.
Under the law, a “custodian” is a person or entity that carries, maintains, processes, receives, or stores digital assets. The law provides that if a custodian provides an “online tool,” separate from the general terms of service, that allows the user to name another person to have access to the user’s digital assets or to direct the custodian to delete the user’s digital assets, the user’s online instructions would be enforceable.
If the custodian does not provide an online tool or if the user declines to use the online tool provided, the user may give directions for the disposition of digital assets in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other written record.
If the user has not provided any direction, either online or in an estate plan, the terms of service for the user’s account would determine whether a fiduciary may access the user’s digital assets. If the terms of service do not address fiduciary access, the default rules presented in the law would apply.
Under the law, fiduciaries for digital assets would be subject to the same fiduciary duties that normally apply to tangible assets. Thus, for example, an executor would not be authorized to publish the decedent’s confidential communications or impersonate the decedent by sending email from the decedent’s account. A fiduciary’s management of digital assets may also be limited by other law. For example, a fiduciary may not copy or distribute digital files in violation of copyright law, and may not exceed the user’s authority under the account’s terms of service.
In order to gain access to digital assets, a fiduciary would be required to send a request to the custodian, accompanied by a copy of the document granting fiduciary authority, such as a letter of appointment, court order, or certification of trust.
Under the law, custodians of digital assets would be immune from any liability for an act or omission done in good faith in compliance with the law.
Specific Sections of the Law:
Section 1: Designates the law as the “Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act.”
Section 2: Sets out definitions of terms. Among other definitions, this section of the law defines the term “court” to mean the Probate Part of the Chancery Division of the Superior Court, and includes the Surrogate’s Court acting within the scope of its authority.
Section 3: Provides that the law applies to a custodian if the user resides in this State or resided in this State at the time of the user’s death, and provides that the law does not apply to a digital asset of an employer used by an employee in the ordinary course of the employer’s business.
Section 4: Sets out procedures concerning the use of an online tool to designate disclosure or non-disclosure of the user’s digital assets. Section 5: Establishes that the terms-of-service agreement governing an online account applies to fiduciaries as well as users, and clarifies that a fiduciary or designated recipient would not have any new or expanded rights other than those held by the user. A “designated recipient” is a person chosen by the user, using an online tool made available by the custodian of an online account, to administer the user’s digital assets for that particular account.
Section 6: Gives the custodians of digital assets some discretion in determining disclosure of digital assets to fiduciaries and designated recipients. This section provides that a custodian may, for example, comply with a request for access to reset the password and access the user’s account. Under the law, a custodian may also comply without giving access to a user’s account by simply giving a copy of all the user’s digital assets to the fiduciary or designated recipient. This section also allows the custodian to assess a reasonable administrative charge for the cost of disclosing digital assets.
With respect to disclosure, the custodian shall either: (1) grant a fiduciary or designated recipient full access to the account; (2) grant a fiduciary or designated recipient partial access; or (3) provide a fiduciary or designated recipient a copy in a record of any digital asset that the user could have accessed on the date the custodian received the request if the user were alive and had full capacity. Thus, the custodian would have discretion as to which method of disclosure to use, but would not have discretion to refuse disclosure.
Sections 7-14: Establishes the rights of personal representatives of an estate, guardians, agents acting pursuant to a power of attorney, and trustees. Each of the fiduciaries is subject to different rules for the content of communications protected under federal privacy laws and for other types of digital assets.
Section 15: Provides that the legal duties imposed on a fiduciary charged with managing tangible property apply to the management of digital assets, including the duty of care, the duty of loyalty, and the duty of confidentiality. The section also provides that, except as otherwise provided in section 4 of the law concerning online tools, a fiduciary’s or designated recipient’s authority with respect to a digital asset: would be subject to the applicable terms of service; would be subject to other applicable law, including copyright law; in the case of a fiduciary, would be limited by the scope of the fiduciary’s duties; and may not be used to impersonate the user. This section also authorizes a fiduciary to make a request to a custodian to terminate the user’s account and sets out the documentation that must accompany such request, such as a copy of the death certificate, court order, power of attorney, or trust.
Section 16: Requires the custodian to comply with a request from a fiduciary or designated recipient, within 60 days after receipt, concerning the disclosure of digital assets or termination of a user’s account. If the custodian fails to comply, the fiduciary or designated recipient may apply to the court for an order directing compliance. This section also allows a custodian to deny a request from a fiduciary or designated recipient for disclosure of digital assets or to terminate an account if the custodian is aware of any further lawful access to the account following the receipt of the termination request; this is intended to protect joint owners of the account.
Section 17: Provides that in applying and construing the law, intended as a multistate uniform act, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it.
Section 18: Provides that the law modifies, limits, or supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. section 7001 et seq., but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that act, 15 U.S.C. section 7001(c), or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 103(b) of that act, 15 U.S.C. section 7003(b).
Section 19: Provides that the law would take effect on the 90th day following enactment and would apply retroactively. It would encompass a fiduciary acting under a will or power of attorney executed before, on, or after the effective date of the law; a personal representative acting for a decedent who died before, on, or after the effective date; a guardianship, whether the guardian was appointed before, on, or after the effective date; and a trustee acting under a trust created before, on, or after the effective date.
